7 populism
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After the Civil War, farmers struggled with declining crop prices, railroad monopolies, and debt. The Grange, a national farm organization, tried to help by establishing farmer-owned cooperatives and lobbying for "Granger Laws" to regulate railroad rates. While successful at first, the Grange lost members as the economy improved. The Populist Party emerged to politically represent angry farmers, campaigning for issues like free silver, income taxes, and nationalizing railroads to help farmers financially and give more political power to ordinary citizens. Though it did not win elections, the Populist Party influenced the major political parties to adopt populism positions.
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7 populism
The Populist Party emerged in response to economic hardship faced by farmers after the Civil War. Farmers struggled with declining crop prices, railroad monopolies, and debt. The Grange, a national farm organization, tried to address these issues through cooperatives and laws regulating railroad rates. However, the Grange lost members as economic conditions improved. The Populist Party was then formed as a national political party representing angry farmers, including former Grange members. The party promoted economic policies like free silver coinage, graduated income tax, and nationalizing railroads, as well as political reforms and restricting immigration to eight-hour work days. Though the Populist Party did not win national elections, it took votes from major parties, who began adopting
Populism
The document summarizes the social and political tensions in the United States during the late 19th century. It describes how African Americans faced discrimination through laws like Jim Crow and lynchings, while Asian immigrants faced discrimination through the Chinese Exclusion Act. It also discusses the women's suffrage movement, corruption in Gilded Age politics, the rise of third parties like the Populist Party in response to economic hardship among farmers, and events like the 1896 presidential election between William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan.
Pavlo Yakymenko and Polina Samsonova: Cross-cultural communications. Some the...
Pavlo Yakymenko and Polina Samsonova: Cross-cultural communications. Some theory, US and UK examples
Kyiv Project Management Day 2021 Spring
Website - https://pmday.org
Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB - https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
National Pork Producers Council Legislative/Regulatory Update
Audrey Adamson, National Pork Producers Council, 2013 Pork Management Conference, June 18-21 in Denver, Colo.
IT'S TIME!
The document discusses the dominance of wealthy interests in politics undermining middle-class views. It proposes a constitutional amendment for public funding of elections to address this issue. It would prohibit private contributions and expenditures to political campaigns, with campaigns receiving only public funds. The amendment could be proposed through a joint congressional resolution or citizen ballot initiatives in states allowing them. If approved by Congress and ratified by 38 states, it would become a constitutional amendment.
Democrat or republican-New
The document discusses several key differences between Democrats and Republicans on important political issues in the United States such as abortion, gun control, healthcare, taxes, the environment, and more. It provides an overview of where each party generally stands on these issues through charts, maps, and brief explanations.
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Losing liberty
This document summarizes a presentation criticizing Obamacare and government overreach. It argues that Americans did not want Obamacare, it will increase costs and debt, and over half of Americans want to repeal it. Statistics are presented showing high levels of debt, many Americans relying on federal benefits, and a declining workforce participation rate, suggesting the current economic situation does not support expanding programs like Obamacare.
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7 populism
The Populist Party emerged in response to economic hardship faced by farmers after the Civil War. Farmers struggled with declining crop prices, railroad monopolies, and debt. The Grange, a national farm organization, tried to address these issues through cooperatives and laws regulating railroad rates. However, the Grange lost members as economic conditions improved. The Populist Party was then formed as a national political party representing angry farmers, including former Grange members. The party promoted economic policies like free silver coinage, graduated income tax, and nationalizing railroads, as well as political reforms and restricting immigration to eight-hour work days. Though the Populist Party did not win national elections, it took votes from major parties, who began adopting
Populism
The document summarizes the social and political tensions in the United States during the late 19th century. It describes how African Americans faced discrimination through laws like Jim Crow and lynchings, while Asian immigrants faced discrimination through the Chinese Exclusion Act. It also discusses the women's suffrage movement, corruption in Gilded Age politics, the rise of third parties like the Populist Party in response to economic hardship among farmers, and events like the 1896 presidential election between William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan.
Pavlo Yakymenko and Polina Samsonova: Cross-cultural communications. Some the...
Pavlo Yakymenko and Polina Samsonova: Cross-cultural communications. Some theory, US and UK examples
Kyiv Project Management Day 2021 Spring
Website - https://pmday.org
Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB - https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
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The document discusses the dominance of wealthy interests in politics undermining middle-class views. It proposes a constitutional amendment for public funding of elections to address this issue. It would prohibit private contributions and expenditures to political campaigns, with campaigns receiving only public funds. The amendment could be proposed through a joint congressional resolution or citizen ballot initiatives in states allowing them. If approved by Congress and ratified by 38 states, it would become a constitutional amendment.
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Staar 04 the progressive era1
The Progressive Era document summarizes key events and reforms during the Progressive Era from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It discusses problems farmers faced that led to the Grange Movement and later Populist Party. Muckraking journalists exposed issues that led to reforms addressing food/drug safety, child labor, women's suffrage, and corruption. The document also profiles Progressive presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson who championed reforms through laws like the Sherman Antitrust Act and 16th/17th Amendments.
Populists progressives
The document summarizes the rise of populism and progressivism in the late 19th century United States. Farmers faced economic hardships like falling crop prices and rising costs, leading them to form alliances to address their grievances. This gave rise to the Populist Party in the 1890s, which promoted reforms like increased money supply and regulation of railroads. Though the party collapsed after 1896, progressivism continued and sought to protect social welfare, promote moral reform, and create economic and political reforms at local, state, and federal levels through the early 20th century. Women played a leading role in many reform movements.
Progressive movement 2011.pptx
The passage discusses the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th to early 20th century. It covers several key aspects of the period including rapid industrialization, urbanization, and corruption which led citizens to demand reforms. Progressives pushed for initiatives, referendums, and recalls to give political power back to the people and reduce corruption. They focused on applying moral principles to improve industrial society and reform issues like child labor, work hours, and workplace regulations.
Gilded Age1
The document summarizes key aspects of American politics during the Gilded Age:
1. There was intense voter loyalty to the two major political parties, the Democrats and Republicans, which led to a stalemate. Each party had well-defined voting blocs along ethnic, religious, and class lines.
2. The federal government practiced a very laissez-faire approach with minimal domestic involvement beyond basic functions.
3. Political machines and party bosses largely controlled the presidency, using federal jobs as patronage. Presidents avoided offending factions within their own party.
(4) the progressive era
The Progressive Era saw reform attempts to address problems caused by industrialization in the late 1800s/early 1900s. Progressive reformers and presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson introduced reforms at the national level. During this time, muckraking journalists also investigated social problems and corruption, bringing issues to public attention. The Populist and Progressive movements both pushed for reforms to business and government practices.
Progressive Era
The Progressive Era brought reforms to address issues caused by industrialization and capitalism such as monopolies, unsafe working conditions, and political corruption. Progressives sought to use government action and legislation to implement reforms that protected social welfare, promoted moral improvement, created economic reform, and fostered efficiency. Key reforms included women's suffrage, child labor laws, prohibition, and regulating working hours.
Module 7-_the_progressive_era (2)
The Progressive Movement aimed to remedy issues stemming from industrialization and urbanization through social, political, and economic reforms. Led by white, middle-class reformers in the late 19th/early 20th century, the movement sought to address problems with welfare, morality, economic policy, and corruption through initiatives like settlement houses, prohibition, trust-busting, consumer protections, and election reforms promoting direct democracy.
Goal 7 the progressive era
The Progressive Movement sought social, moral, economic, and political reforms led by white, middle-class reformers in response to issues arising from industrialization, immigration, and urbanization between the 1890s-1920s. Key goals included protecting social welfare through organizations like settlement houses; promoting moral and economic reforms through prohibition and exposing political corruption; and achieving political reforms such as the direct election of senators and women's suffrage. Progressive presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson pursued trust-busting, consumer protections, and conservation policies to regulate large corporations and help American workers and consumers.
Gold And Silver Standard
The document discusses the Populist movement that emerged in the late 19th century United States. Farmers formed groups like the Grange and Farmers' Alliances in response to falling agricultural prices and rising debts. The Populist movement advocated for policies that would aid farmers and give ordinary citizens more political power, such as the silver standard, graduated income tax, and elected senators. In 1892, the Populists formed a political platform that was later adopted by the Democrats. William Jennings Bryan campaigned for the Democrats in 1896 on a populist platform, but lost the election to William McKinley and the Republicans. While the Populist party collapsed, some of their ideas were later enacted.
Second New Deal
The Second New Deal expanded the scope of the federal government between 1935-1936. Key programs included the Works Progress Administration, which employed millions in public works projects. The Social Security Act established a pension system for older Americans and unemployment insurance. The Wagner Act established the National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of unions, leading to increased union membership. A sit-down strike by the United Auto Workers against General Motors was a major victory for organized labor. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936 on his record of economic achievement, but attempts to pack the Supreme Court led to a loss of support in 1937.
Influencing public policy
This document outlines the agenda for a class on government policy, protests, and civic participation. It includes: discussing turning off cell phones and taking attendance; petitions and protests; lobbying and political parties; and an assignment to reflect on what policy one would be willing to protest to the point of going to jail. It then discusses the constitutionally protected rights to dissent and petition, examples of successful protest movements, and the roles and impacts of lobbying and the two-party system in the US.
Chapter Sixteen
The Voting Rights Acts of 1965 had a tremendously positive effect on African Americans' participation in government by:
1. Abolishing discriminatory voter registration laws and practices in many states, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, that had previously prevented many African Americans from registering to vote.
2. Authorizing federal oversight of voter registration and elections in states and local governments with a history of discrimination. This federal oversight ensured that African Americans in the South could finally exercise their right to vote free from intimidation and unfair barriers.
3. Dramatically increasing the number of registered African American voters and the number who turned out to vote. Within 5 years of the Voting Rights Act, voter registration and turnout among African Americans
Influencing Public Policy
The influence of dissenters, interest groups, and political parties on public policy. Covers petitions and protests, lobbying and money in politics.
Ch.6 the progressive spirit and reform
The document summarizes the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It describes how political corruption was rampant during the Gilded Age. Progressives pushed for reforms to address problems caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization, such as child labor, unsafe working conditions, and lack of women's suffrage. Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson enacted regulations to curb monopolies and support labor reforms. However, the reforms largely failed to help immigrant groups and minorities.
New South Ms White
The Bourbon Triumvirate dominated Georgia politics from 1872 to 1890. Led by Brown, Colquitt, and Gordon, they sought to strengthen economic ties with the North while maintaining white supremacy. Their successes included lowering taxes and reducing state war debts. However, they failed to improve conditions for the poor, and education and prisons suffered. Rebecca Latimer Felton opposed the Bourbon Triumvirate for not helping the poor and for supporting the convict lease system. Henry Grady promoted the New South ideal of industrialization through the Atlanta Constitution and the International Cotton Exposition.
Power point celia ( sectores)
This document summarizes key aspects of political institutions and civic participation in Spain. It outlines that Spain is a democratic state where all citizens have equal rights and obligations under the constitution. It describes Spain's national institutions like parliament and courts established by the constitution. It also discusses political parties, elections at various levels of government, autonomy statutes, and ways citizens can participate through respecting laws, voting, freedom of expression, assembly, and demonstrations.
Elections
Elections allow citizens a direct say in who leads through voting. While providing accountability, elections can also lead to instability if the victor lacks a clear majority. The US system incorporates mechanisms like the Electoral College to prevent pure direct democracy and reduce instability. Over time, constitutional amendments and laws have expanded voting rights and standardized election procedures, though turning out voters remains a challenge and money plays a large role in political campaigns.
Athen's and u.s. government
The document summarizes and compares the governments of ancient Athens and the United States. It describes how Athens created one of the first democratic governments, with male citizens directly participating in the Assembly, Council of 500, and People's Court. However, in Athens only adult male citizens whose parents were both Athenian could participate. The US government has three branches and people 18+ can vote, while the President and Congress make decisions. Overall it contrasts how citizenship and participation in government differed between these two historical systems.
Elections campaigns
National elections are held every two years to elect representatives and senators, and presidential elections occur every four years. Candidates begin organizing over a year in advance and must raise hundreds of millions of dollars. Primary elections are held in the spring for parties to select their nominee. The general election is the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Voting rights have expanded over time to include more groups, such as women gaining suffrage in 1920 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protecting African American voting rights.
Unit 2
The document discusses several topics related to political parties in the United States including what they are, their functions, the origins of the two-party system, different types of party systems, and aspects of how U.S. political parties operate such as nominating candidates, funding campaigns, and enforcing campaign finance laws.
1980 90s
President Ford faced challenges of inflation, recession, and vetoing many bills. Carter had low voter turnout and created new departments but faced economic issues. Reagan was elected due to dissatisfaction with Carter and revived religious fundamentalism. Reagan cut taxes and increased defense spending, causing huge deficits. His economic slump led to interest rate hikes, then tax raises. Reagan was re-elected due to low inflation and oil prices. The Iran-Contra affair involved secretly selling arms to Iran for hostages. Bush prioritized the drug war and debt reduction but had to raise taxes. Clinton focused on health care, the economy, and was impeached.
Nixon era
Nixon appealed to voters in the 1968 election by campaigning on issues of law and order, appealing to middle class voters, and opposing busing to desegregate schools. As president, Nixon faced economic challenges of stagflation as inflation doubled by 1973 and unemployment increased partly due to Great Society and Vietnam spending, while the oil embargo also impacted the economy. Nixon won re-election in 1972 as his opponent, McGovern, was seen as too liberal and anti-war. However, the Watergate scandal resulted in Nixon becoming the first president to resign from office and led to over 25 officials being convicted, representing the most serious constitutional crisis since Andrew Johnson's impeachment and increased distrust in politicians.
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Similar to 7 populism
Staar 04 the progressive era1
The Progressive Era document summarizes key events and reforms during the Progressive Era from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It discusses problems farmers faced that led to the Grange Movement and later Populist Party. Muckraking journalists exposed issues that led to reforms addressing food/drug safety, child labor, women's suffrage, and corruption. The document also profiles Progressive presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson who championed reforms through laws like the Sherman Antitrust Act and 16th/17th Amendments.
Populists progressives
The document summarizes the rise of populism and progressivism in the late 19th century United States. Farmers faced economic hardships like falling crop prices and rising costs, leading them to form alliances to address their grievances. This gave rise to the Populist Party in the 1890s, which promoted reforms like increased money supply and regulation of railroads. Though the party collapsed after 1896, progressivism continued and sought to protect social welfare, promote moral reform, and create economic and political reforms at local, state, and federal levels through the early 20th century. Women played a leading role in many reform movements.
Progressive movement 2011.pptx
The passage discusses the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th to early 20th century. It covers several key aspects of the period including rapid industrialization, urbanization, and corruption which led citizens to demand reforms. Progressives pushed for initiatives, referendums, and recalls to give political power back to the people and reduce corruption. They focused on applying moral principles to improve industrial society and reform issues like child labor, work hours, and workplace regulations.
Gilded Age1
The document summarizes key aspects of American politics during the Gilded Age:
1. There was intense voter loyalty to the two major political parties, the Democrats and Republicans, which led to a stalemate. Each party had well-defined voting blocs along ethnic, religious, and class lines.
2. The federal government practiced a very laissez-faire approach with minimal domestic involvement beyond basic functions.
3. Political machines and party bosses largely controlled the presidency, using federal jobs as patronage. Presidents avoided offending factions within their own party.
(4) the progressive era
The Progressive Era saw reform attempts to address problems caused by industrialization in the late 1800s/early 1900s. Progressive reformers and presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson introduced reforms at the national level. During this time, muckraking journalists also investigated social problems and corruption, bringing issues to public attention. The Populist and Progressive movements both pushed for reforms to business and government practices.
Progressive Era
The Progressive Era brought reforms to address issues caused by industrialization and capitalism such as monopolies, unsafe working conditions, and political corruption. Progressives sought to use government action and legislation to implement reforms that protected social welfare, promoted moral improvement, created economic reform, and fostered efficiency. Key reforms included women's suffrage, child labor laws, prohibition, and regulating working hours.
Module 7-_the_progressive_era (2)
The Progressive Movement aimed to remedy issues stemming from industrialization and urbanization through social, political, and economic reforms. Led by white, middle-class reformers in the late 19th/early 20th century, the movement sought to address problems with welfare, morality, economic policy, and corruption through initiatives like settlement houses, prohibition, trust-busting, consumer protections, and election reforms promoting direct democracy.
Goal 7 the progressive era
The Progressive Movement sought social, moral, economic, and political reforms led by white, middle-class reformers in response to issues arising from industrialization, immigration, and urbanization between the 1890s-1920s. Key goals included protecting social welfare through organizations like settlement houses; promoting moral and economic reforms through prohibition and exposing political corruption; and achieving political reforms such as the direct election of senators and women's suffrage. Progressive presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson pursued trust-busting, consumer protections, and conservation policies to regulate large corporations and help American workers and consumers.
Gold And Silver Standard
The document discusses the Populist movement that emerged in the late 19th century United States. Farmers formed groups like the Grange and Farmers' Alliances in response to falling agricultural prices and rising debts. The Populist movement advocated for policies that would aid farmers and give ordinary citizens more political power, such as the silver standard, graduated income tax, and elected senators. In 1892, the Populists formed a political platform that was later adopted by the Democrats. William Jennings Bryan campaigned for the Democrats in 1896 on a populist platform, but lost the election to William McKinley and the Republicans. While the Populist party collapsed, some of their ideas were later enacted.
Second New Deal
The Second New Deal expanded the scope of the federal government between 1935-1936. Key programs included the Works Progress Administration, which employed millions in public works projects. The Social Security Act established a pension system for older Americans and unemployment insurance. The Wagner Act established the National Labor Relations Board to protect the rights of unions, leading to increased union membership. A sit-down strike by the United Auto Workers against General Motors was a major victory for organized labor. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936 on his record of economic achievement, but attempts to pack the Supreme Court led to a loss of support in 1937.
Influencing public policy
This document outlines the agenda for a class on government policy, protests, and civic participation. It includes: discussing turning off cell phones and taking attendance; petitions and protests; lobbying and political parties; and an assignment to reflect on what policy one would be willing to protest to the point of going to jail. It then discusses the constitutionally protected rights to dissent and petition, examples of successful protest movements, and the roles and impacts of lobbying and the two-party system in the US.
Chapter Sixteen
The Voting Rights Acts of 1965 had a tremendously positive effect on African Americans' participation in government by:
1. Abolishing discriminatory voter registration laws and practices in many states, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, that had previously prevented many African Americans from registering to vote.
2. Authorizing federal oversight of voter registration and elections in states and local governments with a history of discrimination. This federal oversight ensured that African Americans in the South could finally exercise their right to vote free from intimidation and unfair barriers.
3. Dramatically increasing the number of registered African American voters and the number who turned out to vote. Within 5 years of the Voting Rights Act, voter registration and turnout among African Americans
Influencing Public Policy
The influence of dissenters, interest groups, and political parties on public policy. Covers petitions and protests, lobbying and money in politics.
Ch.6 the progressive spirit and reform
The document summarizes the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It describes how political corruption was rampant during the Gilded Age. Progressives pushed for reforms to address problems caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization, such as child labor, unsafe working conditions, and lack of women's suffrage. Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson enacted regulations to curb monopolies and support labor reforms. However, the reforms largely failed to help immigrant groups and minorities.
New South Ms White
The Bourbon Triumvirate dominated Georgia politics from 1872 to 1890. Led by Brown, Colquitt, and Gordon, they sought to strengthen economic ties with the North while maintaining white supremacy. Their successes included lowering taxes and reducing state war debts. However, they failed to improve conditions for the poor, and education and prisons suffered. Rebecca Latimer Felton opposed the Bourbon Triumvirate for not helping the poor and for supporting the convict lease system. Henry Grady promoted the New South ideal of industrialization through the Atlanta Constitution and the International Cotton Exposition.
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Elections
Elections allow citizens a direct say in who leads through voting. While providing accountability, elections can also lead to instability if the victor lacks a clear majority. The US system incorporates mechanisms like the Electoral College to prevent pure direct democracy and reduce instability. Over time, constitutional amendments and laws have expanded voting rights and standardized election procedures, though turning out voters remains a challenge and money plays a large role in political campaigns.
Athen's and u.s. government
The document summarizes and compares the governments of ancient Athens and the United States. It describes how Athens created one of the first democratic governments, with male citizens directly participating in the Assembly, Council of 500, and People's Court. However, in Athens only adult male citizens whose parents were both Athenian could participate. The US government has three branches and people 18+ can vote, while the President and Congress make decisions. Overall it contrasts how citizenship and participation in government differed between these two historical systems.
Elections campaigns
National elections are held every two years to elect representatives and senators, and presidential elections occur every four years. Candidates begin organizing over a year in advance and must raise hundreds of millions of dollars. Primary elections are held in the spring for parties to select their nominee. The general election is the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Voting rights have expanded over time to include more groups, such as women gaining suffrage in 1920 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protecting African American voting rights.
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Progressive presidents2
The three progressive presidents were Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt became president in 1901 after McKinley's assassination. He believed in a strong and active federal government to protect people from big business abuse. His policies included trust busting, food and drug regulation, and establishing national parks. In 1908, Roosevelt chose Taft as his successor but was disappointed in Taft's more conservative policies. This led Roosevelt to run again in 1912 as a third party candidate, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Woodrow Wilson to win the election on his platform of "New Freedom," regulating trusts more aggressively than Roosevelt's preferred approach.
Progressive presidents
The passage discusses three progressive US presidents from the early 20th century: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. It outlines some of their key policies and beliefs. Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 after McKinley's assassination. He believed in a strong and active federal government to protect people from big business. He took actions like trust-busting and establishing national parks. Woodrow Wilson defeated both Roosevelt and Taft in the 1912 election by advocating for restoring competition through trust-busting.
The renaissance
The Renaissance began in Italy around 1300 and saw a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and learning. Known as humanism, this movement emphasized the importance of human beings and the idea that individuals are good and creative, differing from the Church's view of humans as sinful. Humanist ideas spread from Italy to Northern Europe through education and the new printing press invented by Johannes Gutenburg. While Italian humanism had a secular focus, Northern humanism had more of a religious, Christian focus as seen in the works of Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. The Elizabethan Age refers to the English Renaissance during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1588, when she encouraged
Europe in transition
Technological innovations like the heavy wheeled plow and water mills increased food production in Europe, supporting growing populations and trade. Kings started collecting taxes instead of troops and used money to hire mercenaries, decreasing nobles' military demands and leading knights to fight each other. The church developed chivalry to curb violence between Christians. Interest in rediscovered classical Greek and Latin texts and contact with Muslim culture revived intellectual life, though Aristotle's focus on reason through philosophy sometimes conflicted with the church's teachings that truth comes from God and faith. Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism to show how reason and faith could jointly find truth.
Renaissance & reformation
At the end of the 1200s, Europe faced challenges of famine from depleted soil nutrients and colder weather due to a mini ice age. The Black Death plague began in China in 1331 and reached Europe in 1347, carried by rats and transmitted by fleas. The plague caused high fever, large purple skin blotches, and black spots around flea bites. If survived, one became immune. The plague devastated Europe, killing 1/3 of the population between 1347-1351. There was also the Hundred Years War between England and France from 1337-1453 over the English claim to the French throne, though the English were eventually driven out of France. Additionally, the French kings controlled the papacy
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